Public officials responsible for maintaining security should consider polygraph policies concerning other options that rely on alternative means of detecting deception. This decision of theirs must consider the net benefits and costs of a range of options for the achieving of these objectives by using the polygraph and other similar techniques for detecting deception that may either supplement or substitute for the polygraph.
We are focusing in particular on the potential of recently emerging technologies, including those that measure brain activity, which has recently received considerable attention. Techniques for detecting real and potential violations of security can be roughly divided into specific classes. The first class includes the polygraph itself. This class considers physiological indicators of autonomic activity that need special sensing equipment to detect. The second class includes techniques that involve observations of brain function. The third class of methods attempts to achieve detection of deception from a person's demeanour: these techniques usually require careful consideration of specific behaviours like voice, facial expression, body movements and choice of words. The fourth class is based on open, direct investigations and includes questionnaires, background checks, employee surveys and paper-and-pencil tests. Click here to know more Autonomic Indicators: The polygraph is the best-known technique in use for the detection of deception. The goal of these techniques is to detect fraud by analysing signals of changes in the body that cannot typically be identified. The physiological phenomena recorded by the polygraph are only a few of the many physiological aspects that might, in principle, yield signals of deception. The polygraph relies on measurements of autonomic and somatic activity, that is, it analyses signals of physiological events associated with arousal and emotion. The traditional measures used in polygraph testing are cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory. These are among the oldest measures employed by psychophysiologists worldwide. Brain Function: Brain electrical activity is typically measured regarding either frequency or time. In frequency analysis, the compound waveforms recorded from the scalp are converted into underlying frequencies while time analyses often represent averages of the brain electrical signals concerning an external stimulus. There are many advantages and disadvantages of this method for measuring human brain function. One of the key benefits is that brain electrical activity measures have excellent time resolution while another distinct advantage is that measurement is entirely noninvasive and so can repeatedly be used in an individual. The primary disadvantage is that event-related potentials provide only coarse information about the neural sources of the activity. Demeanour: Some techniques for detecting deception are based on the interpretation of subtle signals in behaviour or demeanour. These are activities of an individual that can be observed by human senses, without physical contact with the individual. Demeanour includes gaze, posture, facial expressions, body movements, the sound of the voice, and the patterns and content of speech. There can be a very thin line between such detection and the measurement of peripheral autonomic responses by thermal imaging techniques. These techniques can detect both phenomena that an observer can learn to discriminate and others that are beyond the capabilities of a humans senses because they involve the use of infrared emissions.
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